Many newer CPUs include an on-die graphics processing unit (GPU). It is usually cooled by a heatsink and fan, or water-cooling system. The CPU is a microprocessor, which is fabricated on a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. It takes program instructions from random-access memory (RAM), interprets and processes them and then sends back results so that the relevant components can carry out the instructions. The CPU (central processing unit), which performs most of the calculations that enable a computer to function, and is referred to as the brain of the computer.Ĭomponents directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include: The integrated circuit (IC) chips in a computer typically contain billions of tiny metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives ( CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. The motherboard is the main component of a computer. They are sometimes called "2-in-1 detachable laptops" or "tablet-laptop hybrids". Some models of laptop computers have a detachable keyboard, which allows the system to be configured as a touch-screen tablet. Some tablets include fold-out keyboards or offer connections to separate external keyboards. Tablets generally weigh less and are smaller than laptops. Tablets are portable computers that use a touch screen as the primary input device. Instead of a mouse, laptops may have a touchpad or pointing stick. The monitor in the folding upper cover of the case can be closed for transportation, to protect the screen and keyboard. Laptops contain the keyboard, display, and processor in one case. They may use lower-power or reduced size components, with lower performance than a similarly priced desktop computer. Laptops are designed for portability but operate similarly to desktop PCs. Separating the elements allows the user to arrange the components in a pleasing, comfortable array, at the cost of managing power and data cables between them. Some models of desktop computers integrated the monitor and keyboard into the same case as the processor and power supply. The computer case holds the motherboard, fixed or removable disk drives for data storage, the power supply, and may contain other peripheral devices such as modems or network interfaces. Desktop personal computers have a monitor, a keyboard, a mouse, and a computer case. The personal computer is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Types of computer systems Personal computer Basic hardware components of a personal computer, including a monitor, a motherboard, a CPU, a RAM, two expansion cards, a power supply, an optical disc drive, a hard disk drive, a keyboard and a mouse Inside a custom-built computer: power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system. The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms. The template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. Main articles: Von Neumann architecture and Stored-program computer Von Neumann architecture scheme
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